CCMSs typically publish to PDF and HTML. Microsoft Word and Adobe inDesign are also common outputs.
Other formats like ePub, Markdown, JSON (for RAG), or RDF (for metadata) are becoming increasingly popular, too.
Often through a pipeline that uses a number of differen scripting and programming languages, for example:
XSLT,
Powershell or batch,
Python, or
Java.
The languages used vary across CCMS vendors and specific implementation.
This often happens through templating languages or engines like:
XSL:FO,
CSS,
JSP,
ASP.Net, or
Django.
This again depends on your specific CCMS, implementation, and output.